Water Testing Procedures Manual ( Full Range Lab testing   Methods with standard  composition ratio Of Reagents  ::: Available with us  at 2700 INR or 54 US$ or 207 AED

SULFATE TEST

The principal problem potential posed by sulfate ions in water is the possibility of calcium sulfate scale formation.  Precipitation of calcium sulfate can occur when high concentrations of both calcium and sulfate exist simultaneously.  There are three primary areas of water treatment in which calcium sulfate precipitation may occur boilers, cooling systems, and ion exchangers operating in the hydrogen or acid mode.

In boilers, calcium sulfate scale formation has been reduced to a minimum by modern treatment practices.  The low hardness levels largely preclude calcium sulfate boiler scale.    By contrast, cooling systems are subject to calcium sulfate scale deposition because the makeup is usually not treated for hardness removal.  Cooling water is usually treated with sulfuric acid for pH control, and the makeup is cycled, i.e. concentrated.  Calcium sulfate scale deposition can  result unless the cycles of concentration are properly controlled in conjunction with the proper use of scale control chemicals.  Cation ion exchangers regenerated with sulfuric acid also can pose a major calcium sulfate problem. Calcium sulfate precipitation can be avoided by controlling the acid concentration and the flow rate through the exchanger.